A History of Melody Essay Example for Free

A History of Melody Essay The violin emerged from a primitive musical bow, usually an arched stick with a string stretched taut between the two ends (Hughes, 2008). The string is divided by a loop or a bridge (Thinkquest, 1999). The first bridge was used to add to the instruments resonance when the string was vibrated, and strings were attached across suitable receptacles (Hughes, 2008). These resonance enhancers took many forms-tortoise shells, coconut, calabash, wooden boxes and even pig bladders (Thinkquest, 1999), thrust tightly between the strings and the bow (Thinkquest, 1999). Also to enhance the resonance of the bow, the instrument was held before the mouth (Thinkquest, 1999). The violin probably came to Europe around the 9th century, mostly originating from Asia (Thinkquest, 1999). It took the evolutionary process of the violin about 450 years to bring the violin to its present form. This only shows the long years of experience needed by the makers of the stringed instrument (Thinkquest, 1999). The use of a bow to draw across the strings followed, probably imported into Europe from Asia by Arab travellers (Hughes, 2008). The evolution of the violin was slow. It took until the middle Ages for a version of the zither, a popular and older instrument, to evolve into the vielle, which saw the instrument being held against the shoulder. This differentiated it from the zither, as the latter was held across the knees (Hughes, 2008). As time went on, the original one string grew to four, and for a time, five strings (Hughes, 2008). Fashionable until the 16th century, the vielle was changed with the small wooden ribs used in similar wooden plucked instruments replaced by the tailpiece and bridge (Hughes, 2008). Violin 2 By the time of the Renaissance, the viol (a bowed stringed instrument chiefly of the 16th and 17th centuries made in treble, alto, tenor, and bass sizes and distinguished from members of the violin family especially in having a deep body, a flat back, sloping shoulders, usually six strings, a fretted fingerboard, and a low-arched bridge (Merriam-Webster, 2008), was being used, the first having a hole adding resonance and tone to the instrument (Hughes, 2008). It was a short time that the viol evolved into the viola da gamba (a bass member of the viol family having a range approximating the cello (Merriam-Webster, 2008), which was played between the knees of the musician, and the viola de braccio held against the shoulder. The modern shape of the violin was evolved from the second version of the instrument (Hughes, 2008). The Violin evolved form many different instruments, including the Rebob, the Rebec, Lira da Braccio and the Renaissance fiddle. The violin today, the â€Å"new violin† was not used until 1630 in Italy (Berkeley, 2008). The evolution of the modern violin appears to have been completed in Italy with the most famous violin maker Andrea Amati at Cremona, providing 24 violins, six violas and eight cellos for the French King Charles IX in 1560 (Hughes, 2008). Another famous violin maker, Antonio Stradivarius, joined the Amati school in the latter half of the 6th century (Hughes, 2008). The violins refinery As stated earlier in the paper, that apart from the Arab travellers influence had an on the violin, there is no certain fact on who invented the violin or a stringed instrument that is played with a bow (Hughes, 2008). Some of the theories place the invention of the violin at around 1520 A. D. wherein the violin is included in the Gaudenzio Ferrari painting The Madonna of the Orange Trees (cited in Berkeley, 2008). Violin 3 But the violin emerged in Italy in the early 1500s and seems to have developed from two medieval bowed instruments-the fiddle, also called the viele or fiedel, and the rebec-and from the Renaissance lira de braccio (a violin-like instrument with off the finger drone strings (Rosenblum, 2007). Also related to the violin, but not direct ancestors, is the six-string fretted viol. The viol appeared in Europe before the violin and existed with it side by side for about 200 hundred years (Rosenblum, 2007). In the early 1600s, however, the violin gained prestige through its use in operas such as Orfeo(1607) by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi, and through the French King Louis XIII band of musicians, the 24 violons de roi (the â€Å"Kings 24 violins†, formed in 1626). This growth in stature continued throughout the Baroque period (1600-1750) in the works of many notable composer-performers. Among them were the Italians Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi and Giuseppe Tartini and the Germanys Heinrich Biber, Georg Philipp Teleman and Johann Sebastian Bach (Rosenblum, 2007). The Craftsmen The earliest important violin makers were from Northern Italy, Gasparo da Salo (1540-1609) and Giovanni Maggini (1579-1630) from Brescia and Andrea Amati (1525-1611) from Cremona. The craft of violin making reached its height in the 17th and 18th centuries in the workshops of the Italians Antonio Stradivarius (1644-1737) and Giuseppe Guarneri (1698-1744) from Cremona and the Austrian Jacob Stainer (1617-1638) (Rosenblum, 2007). Violin 4 Gasparo da Salo (1542-1609) The founder of the Brescian school of violin makers, Gasparo Bertlotti, or Gasparo da Salo, was a dedicated craftsman and instrument maker. He was formerly credited with the claim of having developed the violin in the shape we know today. Although his claims have been disproved, his instruments are nevertheless admired and venerated (Smithsonian, 2008). Gasparos violas are considered finer than his violins and probably were more numerous (Smithsonian, 2008). His viola da gambas were converted to violincellos and are much esteemed, and some of his six-stringed bass viols have been remounted as three and four stringed double basses. Twenty instruments have been recorded (Smithsonian, 2008). Giovanni Paolo Maggini (1579-1630) An apprentice of Gasparo da Salo, he acquired a thorough knowledge of the woods available to him (Smithsonian, 2008). Maggini made his own mark and as a master, his own techniques of craftsmanship. He frequently experimented to improve tone quality for his pieces and perfect his construction methods (Smithsonian, 2008). Many of the instruments made by Maggini at the twilight of his career are considered his finest work. These works are known for the quality of the woods and unusually large sound holes as well as for their unusually mellow tones (Smithsonian, 2008). Andrea Amati (1525-1611) The founder of the great Cremona school of violin making, Amati focused on violins and was making viols and rebecs. Instruments dated after 1584 are said to be the works of his sons Antonio and Hieronymus (Smithsonian, 2008). Violin 5 It is claimed that he made 24 violins, 6 violas and 8 cellos for the French king Charles IX for use at the court at Versailles (Smithsonian, 2008). A few of these instruments survive to this day (Smithsonian, 2008). Antonio Stradivarius (1644-1734) Stradivarius interpretation of geometry and design served as a conceptual model for violin makers for more than 200 years (Smithsonian, 2008). Stradivarius also made harps, guitars, violas and cellos- more than 1,100 instruments by current estimate (Smithsonian, 2008). About 650 of these instruments survive today (Smithsonian, 2008). Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri (1698-1744) Guarneri is considered the most illustrious member of this violin making family. The fifth and last member of the family, he is known more as Joseph Guarnerius del Gesu. Guarnerius is the Latin form of the family name and Joseph the Hebrew form of Giuseppe (Smithsonian, 2008). The estimate of his total production is not more than 250 violins; no evidence suggests that he made more (Smithsonian, 2008). But at least one violoncello and some violas are attributed to him. The outline of his violins, with slight modifications, is founded on instruments of Stradivarius (Smithsonian, 2008). Stradivarius and Guarnerius are ranked as among the greatest violin makers, but fine violinists prefer Guarnerius over Stradivarius (Smithsonian, 2008). Whatever the history or whoever the maker of the violin, we all must appreciate the efforts of these individuals who in one way or another contributed to the making of the violin. All these men have given much by way of continuously honing the instrument as it is known and enjoyed today by scores of people. Violin 6 Personal Reflection The violin represents probably on of the more versatile, elegant and mysterious of the instruments that we have today. The seeming smallness of the instrument somewhat does not tell of the long and painstaking process that went into its refinement and development. The reason that I centred the paper on this instrument is just for those following reasons. The instrument for me seems to just waft its notes and sounds over the listeners ears at just the right moments. They are, I believe, different from the wind pieces such as the trumpet and the saxophone. These pieces produce these shrill notes that sometimes tend to be irritable if you are not an admirer for the kind of music. But the violin just seems to play its notes in a mellow and smooth sound. It sometimes will want to lull to sleep at times. Im a fan of the violin. For me, there is just no instrument just like it in sound and depth and quality of sound. Yes, there are many pieces out there that seem to sound alike, but cant seem to touch the position of the violin. I cant imagine an orchestra without a violin in the strings section. It would be incomplete without it. The sound would be really different than the violins in it. And the violin can cross over to different genres of music, from classical to country to pop to jazz and to others, without a tad of difficulty. Thats another thing I like about this instrument, its very versatile. It can just blend in with the various styles of music that you put it with and it will perform handsomely, a trait not all instruments can boast of. What we can do now is just relax at every playing of the violin, just to enjoy the elegant sound of the instrument as the musician begins to play and begins to once again weave its magic over its listeners. Reference Berkeley. (2008). The origins and history of the violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Berkeley website. http://www-atdp. berkeley. edu/2030/jmoriuchi/violin-title. html Hughes, A. (2008). Where did the violin originate? Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Answer Bank database http://www. theanswerbank. co. uk/Article1910. html Merriam-Webster. (2008). Viola. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Merriam-Webster website http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/viol Rosenblum, M. (2007). Violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Microsoft Encarta encyclopaedia database. http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761576364/Violin. html Smithsonian Institution. (2008). Violin makers. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Encyclopaedia Smithsonian website. http://www. si. edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/violdasa. htm ThinkQuest. (1999). The violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Oracle Education Foundation database. http://library. thinkquest. org/27178/en/section/1/index. html

The President Commission on Excellence in Special Education (PCESE) :: essays papers

The President Commission on Excellence in Special Education (PCESE) The government’s primarily goal is to close the achievement gap between special education students and general education students. In October of 2001, before the No Child Left Behind was put into action, President Bush appointed a commission called The Presidents Commission on Excellence in Special Education (PCESE). The purpose of this commission was to bring together 100 experts to evaluate the special education system. In conclusion, the commission could not agree more with President Bush that the special education system needed radical reform (Kauffman, 2004 p. 1). One of the main changes that the commission wanted to see was the achievement gap between special education students and general education students. The PCESE states, â€Å"The ultimate test of the value of special education is that, once identified, children close the achievement gap with their peers† (Kauffman, 2004 p. 4). I’m assuming the word peer means the same age child in general education. I don’t see how they expect students with a mental disability to be able to learn just has fast as general education students. I mean that’s what closing the gap means. â€Å"The gap to which the PCESE refers is simply not closable for reasons obvious to anyone with a rudimentary understanding of statistics and disability† (Kauffman, 2003 p. 3). Kauffman brings up an excellent point, why isn’t the government comparing children that receive special education to those children who don’t receive special education. Wouldn’t it make sense to compare two things that are similar instead of trying to compare two things that are no way alike? Why don’t we focus on making special education as good as it can be? We should work to make sure students with disabilities learn everything they can at their own speed in special education (Kauffman, 2003 p. 3). Not scraping the whole system. Basically general education students are the wrong comparison to determine if the special education system is working or not. â€Å"The PCESE asked the wrong question and suggested dedicating ourselves to closing the wrong gap. Their approach is about as helpful as dedicating ourselves to closing the gap between 5 and 7† (Kauffman, 2003 p. 3). Now after the PCESE made its report and after President Bush put NCLB into action three years ago, the nation starts to ask if this law is truly helping our children with disabilities. Is this new law really helping our students exceed expectations?

Journal Rnheals

When you do nothing, you feel overwhelmed and powerless. But when you get involved, you feel the sense of hope and accomplishment that comes from knowing you are working to make things better. As we start again our duty in the Rural Health Unit, we came into and agreed upon that we would be having our rotational schedule so that we would be convenient enough in rendering our services to our clientele.We have this attitude of being lazy sometimes because of this tiredness given by this paper works and so many tasks outside the Rural Health Unit, so to avoid pinpointing to our colleagues it is better to have this weekly rotational task to balance everything the situation inside and outside the Rural Health Unit, and to have a well-organized and effective quality of service to our patients.We have different areas in the Rural health Unit: Public assistance desk wherein we caught the attention of our incoming patients, ask the names who needs our service, gets the weight, height, give th e numbers in order, and give consideration to Senior Citizens, Pads and Pregnant women; Admission area: we sees the patients situation carefully , ask his/her chief complaint and conduct NC profiling regularly; Records Section: secures the family folder of the patient; Vital signs: Takes Blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse rate, temperature; Call Center: Organizes the folders by number giving consideration for emergency cases, and calls the patient's name; Treatment area: Carries out Doctor's order, gives the right medications as ordered same as gives instructions and health teachings, assists in minor cases like suturing lacerated wound, does wound dressing; Special Lane:prioritize the senior citizens, pregnant women and Pads.And as we continue our service in the community we are again preparing for our monthly Family Development Secessionist our ACT families. Preparation arises when we had the schedule of our respected catchments. And for this month we guesthouse in Dengue, wh ich is incorporated this rainy season and it is one of the programs of the Department of Health. Basic information regarding dengue were taught to them, most especially the AS Contra DENGUE, which includes: Search and Destroy, Self- Protection Measures, Seek Immediate Consultation and Say NO to Indiscriminate fogging. That time, my ACT families together with my partner bargain were attentive enough in the discussion proper because somehow they have an idea regarding Dengue.Before the discussion proper happened, it is also our responsibility to check on their materials, especially their notebooks, ball pens, and of course their ACT Cards, and Totalitarian because this will serve as their attendance sheet to our Municipal Link, as a proof that they attended their monthly Family Development Allendale of activities for this month, which includes: National Kidney Month, No Smoking Month, Prostate Cancer Awareness Month 14 – World Blood Donor Day 14-18 25 26 – Safe Kids Week – DOD Anniversary – National Patient Safety Day – International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. These information were dispensed for them to be aware and be prepared for such circumstances.Since we are now part of the RAH family we need to have a thorough communication between our staffs and us Renewals especially with regards to work proper. It was hen that AMA May called our attention and our Midwives to have a convergence. She reminded us the tasks that we are expected to do inside the RAH and in the community that we should know how to balance and prioritize everything. Next, we had this so called open forum with our head nurse, AMA Myra because she was out for almost three weeks and she was not there to check on us. This open forum was done to listen to our colleagues on what was in their minds regarding our attitudes; the positive and negative ones.We speak out our issues and concerns with each there and naturally we settled all by giving one another a chance to talk and explained his/her part. Independence Day had come and we were invited in the Tree Planting Program of the Municipal Level at Bargain Amputation, Gallium's, ‘locos Sure. The companions we had were; Mayor Bilingual, the municipal staff, our police officers, and the RAH staff. There are three kinds of seedlings that we planted; we had this Mahogany tree, Melinda Tree, and the Coconut seedling. We were given attendance sheet by the representative of the EDEN to ensure that we had done the program. Management Meeting, held last June 20, 2013 at the old SUB-Municipal Hall.The meeting was composed of the different Bargain Captains, Chairman Committee on health in each bargain, Municipal Link-AMA Crisping Securing, DILL outgoing-AMA Amelia Roding, representative of CHAT partners, Bargain Health Worker president, Midwives, Renewals, RAMP, DOD Representative-AMA May Belabor and Doctor Santos, our Municipal Health Officer. This meeting was intended to giv e some reports and reviews regarding the KIP Project of the Department of Health and to present the efferent problems we had encountered during our community work especially during the Family Development Session and when it comes to the voluntary work of our CHAT partners, we asked questions and gave them answers and vice versa.Likewise, we had presented the different activities and accomplishments during our six month stay in the RAH and in the community. Despite of the stress and hard works in the Rural Health Unit and in the community, we always find time to make ourselves free from those stresses, find time to enjoy and make a day of fun. Time to share happiness and fun with our family in the Rural Health Unit. LEARNING INSIGHTS Responsibility walks hand in hand with capacity and power. Lam unpredictable, I never know where I'm going until I get there, I'm so random, I'm always growing, learning, changing, I'm never the same person twice. But one thing you can be sure of about m e; is I will always do exactly what I want to do.With our six month stay in the RAH we had so much things to enjoy and learn, it was then that I realize and questioned myself if I learned anything, well, I am proud to say hat YES I learned a lot in my stay at the RAH. I always dreamt to have a work in the hospital but this opportunity came through and I never neglected accepting this Job. During our meeting with AMA May and our Midwives, it reminds me with the work we should do, balancing everything and proportioning is very important because we have those days that we really need each other's help, and there is nothing wrong with that particularly in rendering patients care in the RAH level.During my Family Development Session with my ACT families, it was then that my attendance and value of communication was given to them. I had the chance to confront them together with my CHAT partners and I ask them frankly why they can accomplish their reports correctly and the forms were not c ompletely filled up. And have a schedule in doing the profiling, I will be accompanying them going to the houses of the NETS-PR families in their bargain so that there will be no reason again that they will not be able to comply. In order to enjoy the companion of others, we must have these characteristics; know how to share your experiences with others, respect one another, trust him/her, coprolite/give and take attitude, and have a mutual enjoyment.We are all born unique and with that uniqueness we are different individuals and we all have different personalities that we can share to the people around us. As we grow everyday, we cannot assure ourselves and others that we can't commit mistakes, we all have lapses and differences that we can't avoid to happen but be sure that those things were not intended to make yourself down and to hurt others; this will serve as your guide to make yourself better and uplift the people that surrounds you. With hat open forum, AMA Myra reinforced us again with our duties and responsibilities as individuals that we came to forget at times because we are already crossing the line. Everyday is a chance of learning.If we need to ask, we ask, don't Just do the thing without consulting others, and if you really want to learn don't be afraid to ask, we are not all equipped with others knowledge but by asking them we would be able to know and make things right without worsening it, avoiding mistakes, and lessening anomalies. Remember, we are dealing with people's lives. To be an initiator is your tipping stone to be a good leader, we are all leaders and we all have the right to listen with others thought and suggestions. Uplift the moral of others and learn to accept mistakes and change for the better not for worst because in the end still we are one. Being involved in the Tree Planting Program shows your love, concern, care, and respect in your environment. I was really hoping that I will be enjoying this event and I was not failed . I had fun and enjoyed, get to know with other municipal staffs and police officers.We Joined together as we plant the seedlings of different kinds, this ill serve as our contribution in conserving and protecting our mother earth and we will gain the statement of â€Å"Anglicanism ay Cayman†. Stress, stress, stress! That's my word to our DOD Representative 0. Preparation arises for the KIP and CHAT Management Team Meeting, pinpoint tasks to my colleague and work on different reports. Every now and then AMA May would call me, Angel do this, Angel check on this and so on. But that time made me not to think of tiredness and not give up because I wanted to make this meeting successful in part of the RAH staff, DOD, and other agencies involved.This had been a big break for me to see and challenge myself in managing such convergence as this. Cooperation was needed at this time and we had it, although some of my colleagues were talking some negative words still we came up into a su ccessful and meaningful meeting. Having initiative, being efficient and cooperative enough would be of great help in doing your responsibilities perfectly and absolutely. A big applause to each one of us! As the statement says, â€Å"KANANGA-KAYAK GUNG SAM-SAM! † With the said meeting regarding the problems in the community, here are some mints that we had noted: 0 Financial problems: The money given by the government were spent to other things.It makes the reason that they have no money for transportation to go in the RAH for their immediate consultation and Just wait for their health situation to worsen and needs treatment on higher facility. And for the reason that they have no money in giving birth in a birth facility they would still prefer to give birth in their home. 0 Consultations:still there are parent's who are not complying in the immunization of their child wherein they all know that it is very important and that's one of the best gift that they can give to them. Onto pregnant women, some of them were not having their prenatal check- ups, still there are hard- headed which may cause them the risks on pregnancy.

Comparing the United States Constitution with Local State...

The United States Constitution begins with the simple phrase â€Å"We the People†. Yet, with three simple words, the ideology it stands for has shaped the entire country (O’Connor et al., 2011). The short phrase signifies that the document, and thus, the government, is based upon the people themselves. The Constitution reflects the culture and ideologies of its citizens. Similarly, state constitutions reflect the people, albeit in a more specific locality. The key differences between the United States Constitution and that of local states are due to the distinctions between the scope and characteristics of the people they govern. There is much debate in political theory about the definition of a constitution. Generally, it is considered as a†¦show more content†¦The states have taken an entirely different route. They have opted to create statutory constitutions, rather than follow the liberal one that the federal government follows. This means that these documents limit the powers of government, rather than empower them as the U.S. Constitution does. Hence, their constitutions are far more extensive, detailing each aspect of the local government (O’Connor et al., 2011). More than simply the longevity and length of the constitutions, much of their content also differs from one another. Both essentially present the people’s basic rights and define the scope and structure of the government. However, direct democracy plays a greater role amongst the states (Morris, Henson, Fackler, 2011). Thus, as expected, their constitutions and governments are designed to function well in the region. One of perhaps its biggest advantages is its ability to represent the minorities. African Americans, Hispanics, and women all have more powerful voices amongst these local governments than they do on a national level (Blanda, 2010). Adding to its length, state constitutions have had far more amendments than the U.S. Constitution. 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